Chapter 8 Networking and Digital Communication

Objectives

• Jelaskan tipe dasar teknologi yang membuat telekomunikasi mungkin. 
• Menjelaskan sifat dan fungsi jaringan area lokal dan jaringan luas. 
• Diskusikan penggunaan dan implikasi dari email, instant messaging, blogging, telekonferensi, dan bentuk lain dari komunikasi online. 
• Jelaskan bagaimana teknologi jaringan nirkabel adalah mengubah cara orang bekerja dan berkomunikasi. 
• Jelaskan tren saat ini dan masa depan di bidang telekomunikasi dan jaringan.

  Chapter 8 

Networking and Digital Communication

 

Networking adalah salah satu tren yang paling penting dalam komputasi saat ini. Jaringan komputer tumbuh dalam popularitas karena mereka memungkinkan komputer untuk berbagi perangkat keras dan perangkat lunak untuk mengirim dan data kembali dan sebagainya. Selain itu, jaringan memungkinkan orang untuk bekerja sama dalam cara yang akan sulit atau tidak mungkin tanpa mereka.

LAN terdiri dari komputer yang cukup dekat untuk langsung terhubung dengan kabel atau pemancar radio nirkabel / penerima. Kebanyakan LAN termasuk printer bersama dan file server. WAN terdiri dari komputer dipisahkan oleh jarak yang cukup jauh. Komputer yang terhubung satu sama lain melalui jaringan telepon, yang mencakup kabel, menara transmisi microwave, dan satelit komunikasi. Banyak jaringan komputer yang terhubung bersama melalui internet sehingga pesan dan data bisa lewat bolak-balik antara mereka. Beberapa jaringan khusus, seperti sistem posisi global dan sistem keuangan, melayani fungsi yang unik.

Kebanyakan jaringan komputer saat ini menggunakan arsitektur Ethernet, port Ethernet adalah fitur standar pada PC paling modern. Komputer dapat langsung terhubung ke jaringan melalui port Ethernet. Ketika kecepatan tinggi koneksi langsung tidak memungkinkan, PC dapat mengirim dan menerima sinyal melalui saluran telepon standar dengan modem. Modem mengkonversi sinyal digital ke analog PC sehingga mereka dapat melakukan perjalanan melalui saluran telepon standar. Menawarkan koneksi broadband lebih banyak bandwidth dari koneksi modem standar dilakukan, sehingga mereka dapat mengirimkan sejumlah besar informasi lebih cepat. Koneksi ini termasuk DSL, yang menggunakan saluran telepon standar, kabel modem, yang menggunakan jalur TV kabel, satelit, yang menggunakan piring TV satelit, dan Wi-Fi, yang menggunakan nirkabel jarak pendek 802.11 pemancar. Wi-Fi adalah jenis teknologi jaringan nirkabel yang meledak di popularitas karena potensinya untuk menyediakan akses internet universal. Semua teknologi ini menawarkan koneksi tulang punggung internet, banyak yang mengirimkan jumlah astronomi data cepat melalui kabel serat optik.

Perangkat lunak komunikasi menangani rincian komunikasi antara mesin-rincian seperti protokol yang menentukan bagaimana sinyal akan dikirim dan diterima. Jaringan sistem operasi biasanya menangani mekanisme LAN komunikasi. Banyak sistem PC populer operasi meliputi peer-to-peer jaringan, sehingga setiap PC atau Mac pada jaringan dapat berfungsi sebagai server maupun klien. Program terminal memungkinkan komputer pribadi berfungsi sebagai terminal berbasis karakter ketika terhubung ke PC lain atau ke komputer timesharing. Jenis lain dari program client khusus memiliki antarmuka pengguna grafis dan fungsionalitas tambahan. Sistem operasi timesharing memungkinkan komputer multiuser untuk berkomunikasi dengan beberapa terminal pada satu waktu.

Email, pesan instan, dan telekonferensi adalah bentuk paling umum dari komunikasi antara orang pada jaringan komputer. Mereka menawarkan banyak keuntungan dibandingkan surat tradisional dan komunikasi telepon dan dapat mempersingkat atau menghilangkan banyak pertemuan. Karena keterbatasan penting, bagaimanapun, email dan telekonferensi tidak dapat sepenuhnya menggantikan media komunikasi yang lebih tua. Orang-orang yang berkomunikasi dengan media baru harus mengikuti aturan sederhana "netiket" dan olahraga tingkat hati-hati untuk menghindari banyak masalah yang paling umum.

Peer-to-peer dipopulerkan oleh musik-sharing, tapi aplikasi yang melampaui berbagi musik. Banyak perusahaan mencari cara untuk menerapkan teknologi P2P. Komputasi grid komputasi melampaui P2P dengan memungkinkan orang untuk berbagi kekuasaan prosesor dengan orang lain. Beberapa organisasi yang bekerja untuk membangun sebuah model komputasi grid yang akan membuat Internet bekerja seperti utilitas bersama. Banyak yang melihat ini sebagai langkah besar menuju komputasi awan-memperlakukan Internet sebagai awan yang berisi perangkat lunak dan perangkat keras yang berbagi lokasi fisik tidak terlalu penting.

Chapter 7 Database Applications and Privacy Implications

Objectives

• Jelaskan apa database itu dan menjelaskan struktur dasar. 
• Mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis masalah yang dapat diselesaikan dengan perangkat lunak terbaik database. 
• Menjelaskan berbagai jenis perangkat lunak database, dari manajer file sederhana untuk database relasional kompleks. 
• Jelaskan operasi database untuk menyimpan, menyortir, memperbarui, query, dan meringkas informasi. 
• Berikan contoh cara-cara yang besar, database mudah diakses membuat hidup lebih aman atau lebih nyaman. 
• Jelaskan cara database mengancam privasi kami.

Chapter 7

Database Applications and Privacy Implications

ü  What Good Is a Database?
Databases make it easier to:

•       Store large quantities of information

•       Retrieve information quickly and flexibly

•       Organize and reorganize information

•       Print and distribute information in a variety of ways

Database Anatomy

•       Database: organized collection of information stored in a computer

•       Database program: software tool for organizing storage and retrieval of that information

ü  Table: collection of related information

•       Record: information related to one person, product, or event

•       Each discrete chunk of information in a record is a field

ü  Field: holds different types of data:

•       Numeric

•       Date

•       Text

•       Computed

Database Operations

ü  Import: receive data in the form of text files

ü  Browse: navigate through information

ü  Query: find records that match specific criteria

ü  Sort: rearrange records (alphabetically or numerically)

ü  Print: reports, labels, and form letters

ü  Export: to another program for printing

ü  Structured Query Language (SQL): standard language for programming complex queries

ü  Graphical user interfaces allow point-and-click queries

ü  Smart Web Searching

ü  Get to know your search engines.

ü  Be specific when you search.

ü  Use quotes to narrow your search.

ü  Know your pluses and minuses.

ü  Search by site.

ü  Be selective.

ü  Triangulate.

ü  If at first you don’t succeed, try another approach.

Special-Purpose Database Programs

ü  Media Libraries: music and photo libraries

ü  PIM (personal information manager): electronic organizer

ü  GIS (geographical information systems): include geographic and demographic data in map form

ü  Web databases: use XML to turn static pages into a database-driven information space

The Language of Database Queries

ü  SQL statements are understood by MS Access, MS SQL Server, DB2, Oracle, Sybase, MySQL and others.

ü  SQL is a sublanguage that:

•       Uses high-level, easy-to-understand statements

•       Has a relational database orientation

•       Is portable across a wide range of systems

Beyond the Basics: Database- Management Systems

ü  What is a database-management system?

•       A DBMS can manipulate data in a large database

ü  Data redundancy: wastes space and may cause inaccuracies

ü  Data consistency: all tables must contain the correct information

ü  What makes a database relational?

•       Tables related

•       Changes in one table reflected in other tables

Database Trends

ü  Real-time computing

•       Allows instant access to information.

•       Interactive processing: allows users to access data in real time

•       The trend toward real-time computing is accelerated by the Internet.

•       Batch processing: requires transactions to be accumulated and then fed into computers in large batches

ü  Downsizing and decentralizing

•       Client/server approach: uses requests to access database

•       Distributed databases: spread data across networks

ü  Data mining: discovery of hidden predictive information

•       Helps to predict trends and patterns in data

ü  Data warehouses: large, centralized systems housing enterprise data

ü  Maintaining database integrity

•       Real-time database access increases the probability of data errors.

•       Dirty data: records containing errors

•       Data scrubbing: eliminating dirty data

ü  Object-oriented databases: store objects

•       Every object is an instance of a class.

•       The class includes the data and the operations.

ü  Multidimensional database technology: stores data in more than two dimensions

•       Data is organized in cubes.

ü  Intelligent searches

•       More artificial intelligence technology

•       Natural language queries

•       Contextual search tools will classify results

ü  Dealing with Databases

ü  Choose the right tool for the job.

ü  Think about how you’ll get the information out.

ü  Start with a plan; be prepared to change your plan.

ü  Make your data consistent.

ü  Databases are only as good as their data.

ü  Query with care.

Personal Data: All about You

ü  Identity theft: major criminal industry

•       Can be triggered by being careless online or by errors in judgment.

•       Victims can face massive phone bills, threats from collection agencies, and even arrests.

•       It can take years to clear up the damage from an identity theft.

ü  Record matching: uses a unique field to combine information from different databases

ü  Privacy is decreasing

•       Data can be transmitted almost instantly

•       Workplace monitoring

•       Surveillance cameras

No Secrets: Computers and Privacy

ü  Code of Fair Information Practices

•       In early 1970s, a report to Congress

•       Agencies ensure the reliability and security of information in their databases.

ü  Privacy Act of 1974

•       Broadest privacy law passed by Congress

ü  USA Patriot Act

•       Passed in response to September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks

ü  Your Privacy Rights

ü  Don’t give out your Social Security number.

ü  Don’t give away information about yourself.

ü  Say no to direct mail, phone, and email solicitations.

ü  Be stingy with your email address.

ü  Say no to sharing your personal information.

ü  Think before you post.

ü  Pay attention to privacy preferences.

ü  Mobilize technology to protect your privacy.

ü  If you think there’s. incorrect or damaging information about you in a file, find out.

Summary

ü  Database programs enable users to store, organize, retrieve, communicate, and manage large amounts of information.

ü  There are many specialized databases such as media libraries, GIS, and PIMs.

ü  The trend is away from large, centralized databases accessible only to data-processing staff.

ü  Organizations are moving toward a client/server approach that enables users to have access to data stored in servers throughout the organization’s network.

ü  The accumulation of data by government agencies and businesses is a growing threat to our right to privacy.

 

Chapter 6 Graphics, Digital Media, and Multimedia

Objectives

• Bandingkan dan kontras beberapa jenis program komputer grafis yang digunakan oleh seniman, fotografer, desainer, dan lain-lain.
• Menjelaskan bagaimana komputer mengubah cara profesional dan amatir bekerja dengan audio video, animasi, dan musik. 
• Jelaskan beberapa cara bahwa komputer yang digunakan untuk menciptakan bahan multimedia dalam seni, hiburan, pendidikan, dan bisnis. 
• Jelaskan hubungan antara hypermedia dan multimedia, menggambarkan aplikasi dari masing-masing. 
• Jelaskan aplikasi sekarang dan masa depan beberapa teknologi multimedia. 

Chapter 6

Graphics, Digital Media, and Multimedia

Compare and contrast several types of computer graphics programs used by artists, photographers, designers, and others.

• Tim Berners-Lee:- invented World Wide Web and is the head of W3C.
• Bit mapped Graphics is the representation of graphic images as bit maps by hardware and software.
• Painting Software: in which pixels are painted on a screen with a pointing device.
• stores image at 300 at dots per inch of higher
• translates pointer movements into lines and patterns on the screen.
• Resolution: the density of the pixels.
• Pixels: little dots of white, black, or color that make images on screen.
• Palette: the given set of options of colors to choose from.
• Color depth: the number of bits to each pixel.
• Image Processing is a process where photos are edit through the computer.
• makes it possible to manipulate and combine photos, it's realistic.
• Digital photo management software make it easy to and automate normal tasks that have to do with capturing, recognizing,editing, and sharing digital images.
• also simplifies and automates regular tasks that have to do with capturing, recognizing, editing, and sharing digital images. 

·         Bitmapped graphics (or raster graphics): Any visual matter containing pixels that has a bit depth of one.

·         Painting: Bitmapped Graphics
Painting software:
-Paints pixels on the screen with a pointing device
-Pointer movements are translated into lines and patterns on the screen
-Stores an image at 300 dots per inch or higher.

Audio digitizer- captures Object-oriented drawing gives you many advantages. Such as creating printed graphs, charts and illustrations and clearer line and shapes.

Some integrated programs contain drawing and painting modules which allow you to choose the right tool depending on the job

Some programs merge features of both in a single application. For example, bluring the distinction between types. Or, offering new possibilities for beginners.

Computer Aided Desine (CAD) software allows:-

• Engineers, designers, and architects to create designs on screens for productis randing from computer chips to public buildings
• The testing of product prototypes
• The use of cheaper, faster, and more accurate techniques.

Computer-aided Manufacturing (CAM) is a process where data related to a product design is fed into a program that controls the manugacturing of parts.

Computer-integrated Manufacturing (CIM) refers to the combination of CAD/CAM and is a major step toward a fully automated factory.

What is the difference between CAD-CAM-CIM?

Presentation graphics help automate the creation of visual aids for lectures, training, sales demonstrations, and more. And, creates slide shows directly on computer monitors or LCD projectors, including still images, animation, and video clips.

With presentation graphics, you start by creating an outline of the main points of your talk, arranging headings and points in the appropriate order.

Also, you can design the back ground, borders, and text format yourself, or slect a professionally-designed template from the collection that comes with PPT.

Microsoft Product lets you combine a presentation with a video of a speaker and a table of contents

When making PPT presentations:

• remember your goal
• keep it simple
• be smart with art
• outline your ideas
• use a consistent design
• keep each side focused
• be stingy with words
• remember your audience

Explain how computers are changing the way professionals and amateurs work with video, animation, audio, and music.

Modern media contains dynamic information, which is information that changes over time or in response to user input

Animation is the idea that each frame of a computer-based animation is a computer-drawn picture: the computer displays these frames in rapid succession

Tweening is the idea that instead of drawing each frame by hand, an animator can create key frames and objects and use software to help fill in the gaps.

Desktop Video: Computers, Film, and TV-- Analog and Digital video is a digitizer that can convert analog video signals from a telivision broadcast or videotape into digital data.

Many video digitizers can import signals from TVs, videotapes, video cameras, and other sources.

• Signals are displayed on the computer's screen in real time- at the same time they are created or imported.

Digital Video

• can be copied, edited, stored, and played back without any loss of quality
• will soon replace analog video for most applications.

What's a Video Digitis? ComputerHope.com (http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/v/videdigi.htm)

• "Alternatively referred to as a video digitiser, a video digitizer is software that takes an analog video still frame and coverts it to a digital still image. This is generally accomplished with the aid of computer hardware." 

Dynamic Media: today most editing  is done using nonlinear editing technology

What is nonlinear editing technology?

Video editing software, such as Adobe Premiere, helps makes the process easier, where you can eliminating footage, combine clips, put together scenes, create special effects, and perform a variety of other activities.

Morphs are video clips in which one image morphs into another.

What's broadband internet?

Audio Digitizers capture sound and store it as a data file

A synthesizer is an electronic instrument that synthesizes sounds using mathematical formulas.

Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) is a standard interface that allows electronice instruments and computers to communicate with each other.

What is the difference between MIDI and MP3?
**explain diagram**

Music is digitized on audio CDs at a high sampling rate and bit depth. So high that it is really hard to tell the difference between the original analog sound and the final digital recording.

Digital Audios Dos and Dont's:

• Don't: steal  or over-compress
• Do: Understand streaming and downloading, know your file formats.

Popular Digital Audio Formats:

Format	Description
WAV, AIFF	Standard formats for uncompressed audio for Windows and the Mac OS, respectively. Both formats are supported on Windows, Mac OS, and Linux. Both create large files. Both are lossless – a CD track encoded with WAV or AIFF sounds identical to the original.
MP3	A popular format for transmitting audio on the Internet. A CD track converted to MP3 format can be 1/10 the size of the original – or smaller – but still sound very similar.
WMA	An alternative to MP3 developed by Microsoft for Windows. WMA compression can result in smaller files of higher fidelity. WMA files may be protected by DRM.
AAC	Apple’s alternative to MP3 and WMA is used primarily by iTunes and iTunes Music Store. AAC compression is sonically superior to MP3 compression. AAC files may be protected by DRM.
OGG	Similar to WMA and AAC in sound quality and compression, OGG Vorbis is open source and freely available – not controlled by any company.

Multimedia computers can control a variety of electronic musical instruments and sound sources using MIDI, who's commands can be interpreted by a variety by music synthesizers and samplers.

A piano-style keyboard sends MIDI signals to the computer which interprets the its commands using sequence software

Sequencing software turns a computer into a musical composing, recording, and editing machine.

Electronica- music desgined from the ground up with digital technology and is also some of the most interesting sequenced music.

Hypertext refers to information connected in non-sequential ways.
Hypermedia combines text, numbers, graphics, animation, sound effects, music, and other media in hyperlinked documents.
Hypermedia is useful for on-line  help files and for letting users jump between documents all over the internet.Hypermedia documents can be confusing and leave readers wondering what they've missed.

Describe several ways that computers are used to create multimedia materials in the arts, entertainment, education, and business.

Multimedia Authoring uses authoring programs such as HyperStudio and MetaCard. It also binds source documents together to communicate with users in an aesthetically pleasing way.
In addition, multimedia authoring involves programming objects on the screen to react or behave in particular ways under particular circumstances.

Macromedia Director MX is one of the most popular of such packages, includes pre-written behaviors that  can be attached to on-screen buttons, images, and other objects.

Dos and Dont's:
Be consistent in visual appearance
Use graphical metaphors to guide viewers
Keep the screen clean and uncluttered
Include multimedia elements to enliven the presentation
Focus on the message
Give the user control
Test your presentation with those unfamiliar with the subject

Explain the relationship between hypermedia and multimedia, describing applications of each.

What is interactive media?
A combination of text, graphics, animation, video, music, voice, and sound effects that allows the user to take an active part in the experience
Requirements: high-quality color monitors, fast processors, large memory, CD-ROM drives, speakers, and sound cards.

Describe several present and future applications for multimedia technology.

Inventing the Future: Shared Virtual Spaces
Virtual reality: combines virtual worlds w/ networking

• it places multiple participants in a virtual space
• people see representation of each other, sometimes called avatars
• Most avatars

Tele-immersion:

• uses cameras and networks to create a videoconferencing environment in which multiple remote users can