Chapter 7 Database Applications and Privacy Implications

Objectives

• Jelaskan apa database itu dan menjelaskan struktur dasar. 
• Mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis masalah yang dapat diselesaikan dengan perangkat lunak terbaik database. 
• Menjelaskan berbagai jenis perangkat lunak database, dari manajer file sederhana untuk database relasional kompleks. 
• Jelaskan operasi database untuk menyimpan, menyortir, memperbarui, query, dan meringkas informasi. 
• Berikan contoh cara-cara yang besar, database mudah diakses membuat hidup lebih aman atau lebih nyaman. 
• Jelaskan cara database mengancam privasi kami.

Chapter 7

Database Applications and Privacy Implications

ü  What Good Is a Database?
Databases make it easier to:

•       Store large quantities of information

•       Retrieve information quickly and flexibly

•       Organize and reorganize information

•       Print and distribute information in a variety of ways

Database Anatomy

•       Database: organized collection of information stored in a computer

•       Database program: software tool for organizing storage and retrieval of that information

ü  Table: collection of related information

•       Record: information related to one person, product, or event

•       Each discrete chunk of information in a record is a field

ü  Field: holds different types of data:

•       Numeric

•       Date

•       Text

•       Computed

Database Operations

ü  Import: receive data in the form of text files

ü  Browse: navigate through information

ü  Query: find records that match specific criteria

ü  Sort: rearrange records (alphabetically or numerically)

ü  Print: reports, labels, and form letters

ü  Export: to another program for printing

ü  Structured Query Language (SQL): standard language for programming complex queries

ü  Graphical user interfaces allow point-and-click queries

ü  Smart Web Searching

ü  Get to know your search engines.

ü  Be specific when you search.

ü  Use quotes to narrow your search.

ü  Know your pluses and minuses.

ü  Search by site.

ü  Be selective.

ü  Triangulate.

ü  If at first you don’t succeed, try another approach.

Special-Purpose Database Programs

ü  Media Libraries: music and photo libraries

ü  PIM (personal information manager): electronic organizer

ü  GIS (geographical information systems): include geographic and demographic data in map form

ü  Web databases: use XML to turn static pages into a database-driven information space

The Language of Database Queries

ü  SQL statements are understood by MS Access, MS SQL Server, DB2, Oracle, Sybase, MySQL and others.

ü  SQL is a sublanguage that:

•       Uses high-level, easy-to-understand statements

•       Has a relational database orientation

•       Is portable across a wide range of systems

Beyond the Basics: Database- Management Systems

ü  What is a database-management system?

•       A DBMS can manipulate data in a large database

ü  Data redundancy: wastes space and may cause inaccuracies

ü  Data consistency: all tables must contain the correct information

ü  What makes a database relational?

•       Tables related

•       Changes in one table reflected in other tables

Database Trends

ü  Real-time computing

•       Allows instant access to information.

•       Interactive processing: allows users to access data in real time

•       The trend toward real-time computing is accelerated by the Internet.

•       Batch processing: requires transactions to be accumulated and then fed into computers in large batches

ü  Downsizing and decentralizing

•       Client/server approach: uses requests to access database

•       Distributed databases: spread data across networks

ü  Data mining: discovery of hidden predictive information

•       Helps to predict trends and patterns in data

ü  Data warehouses: large, centralized systems housing enterprise data

ü  Maintaining database integrity

•       Real-time database access increases the probability of data errors.

•       Dirty data: records containing errors

•       Data scrubbing: eliminating dirty data

ü  Object-oriented databases: store objects

•       Every object is an instance of a class.

•       The class includes the data and the operations.

ü  Multidimensional database technology: stores data in more than two dimensions

•       Data is organized in cubes.

ü  Intelligent searches

•       More artificial intelligence technology

•       Natural language queries

•       Contextual search tools will classify results

ü  Dealing with Databases

ü  Choose the right tool for the job.

ü  Think about how you’ll get the information out.

ü  Start with a plan; be prepared to change your plan.

ü  Make your data consistent.

ü  Databases are only as good as their data.

ü  Query with care.

Personal Data: All about You

ü  Identity theft: major criminal industry

•       Can be triggered by being careless online or by errors in judgment.

•       Victims can face massive phone bills, threats from collection agencies, and even arrests.

•       It can take years to clear up the damage from an identity theft.

ü  Record matching: uses a unique field to combine information from different databases

ü  Privacy is decreasing

•       Data can be transmitted almost instantly

•       Workplace monitoring

•       Surveillance cameras

No Secrets: Computers and Privacy

ü  Code of Fair Information Practices

•       In early 1970s, a report to Congress

•       Agencies ensure the reliability and security of information in their databases.

ü  Privacy Act of 1974

•       Broadest privacy law passed by Congress

ü  USA Patriot Act

•       Passed in response to September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks

ü  Your Privacy Rights

ü  Don’t give out your Social Security number.

ü  Don’t give away information about yourself.

ü  Say no to direct mail, phone, and email solicitations.

ü  Be stingy with your email address.

ü  Say no to sharing your personal information.

ü  Think before you post.

ü  Pay attention to privacy preferences.

ü  Mobilize technology to protect your privacy.

ü  If you think there’s. incorrect or damaging information about you in a file, find out.

Summary

ü  Database programs enable users to store, organize, retrieve, communicate, and manage large amounts of information.

ü  There are many specialized databases such as media libraries, GIS, and PIMs.

ü  The trend is away from large, centralized databases accessible only to data-processing staff.

ü  Organizations are moving toward a client/server approach that enables users to have access to data stored in servers throughout the organization’s network.

ü  The accumulation of data by government agencies and businesses is a growing threat to our right to privacy.